• Analytical methods and measurement of trace metals in seawater and sediments; emphasis on ICP-based techniques, chelating resins, microlayer sampling, and transport estimates enabling quantitative assessment of metal cycling in marine systems [6], [18], [13], [14], [15], [4].

• Plastics and coastal pollution patterns, documenting abundance, degradation, and debris transport; contrasting Sargasso surface plastics with packaging-driven coastal debris [1], [10].

• Global seawater composition baselines and elemental distributions; modeling open-ocean concentrations and seawater–rock interactions shaping dissolved species [2], [3], [8].

• Air–sea exchange and marine atmospheric chemistry; iodine and surface-active organics illustrating coupling between ocean chemistry and the atmosphere [5], [11], [4], [15].

• Biogeochemical dissolution and diagenetic alteration of marine minerals; heavy-metal phytoplankton responses and diatom silica dissolution [7], [19], [20].